Ejercicios prácticos

Kamishibai japonés

Crea tu propio Kamishibai

¿Qué es un Kamishibai?

Como hemos aprendido con Carmen la Griega, artista multidisciplinar y pedagoga, el Kamishibai es “un teatro de papel de origen japonés presentado en forma de maleta con el que un trovador iba por los pueblos contando historias acompañado por imágenes fijas que iban pasando sucesivamente. Es como una televisión lenta y las imágenes son dibujos originales. En su forma de contar se respeta el tiempo, potenciando la sensibilidad del espectador”.
El Kamishibai surgió en Japón, durante la crisis económica de finales de 1920, como una fórmula para combatir el desempleo: un hombre que llegaba en bicicleta, contaba historias captando el interés de la audiencia y que tras el éxito de la representación, vendía con más facilidad sus golosinas a los niños fascinados. El Kamishibai ha resurgido después de décadas de declive, visto ahora como un recurso didáctico sin precedentes, ya que su componente teatral transciende a la simple lectura, ayudando a conseguir un efecto mágico y de concentración en torno al cuento mucho más fácilmente que con otras técnicas.

Como el texto está en la parte posterior de las láminas el Kamishibai siempre necesita un presentador o intérprete que lea el texto mientras los espectadores contemplan los dibujos. El presentador puede ser el maestro, pero también cualquier niño que haya participado en la creación de la historia. “El kamishibai nunca falla, es mágico, siempre consigue atrapar la atención de los niños, hacerlos atravesar esa línea que separa la fantasía de la realidad” (Blog del proyecto Kamishibai).

¿Cómo se lleva a cabo la experiencia del Kamishibai?

La lectura del Kamishibai se realiza colocando las láminas en orden sobre un soporte de madera (“Butai”) de cara al auditorio, deslizando las láminas una tras otra mientras se lee el texto. Carmen la Griega nos cuenta qué interés tiene, especialmente con niños que tengan dificultades de atención: “Los niños se concentran en la imagen delimitada como si fuera una televisión, pero con la sensibilidad de lo manual, de la voz, de lo humano. Los niños entran mejor, se motivan más a la hora de crear (…). Cuento la historia muy despacio, guío la mirada hacia la imagen ayudándoles a mantener su atención”.

Carmen la Griega en un espectáculo de Kamishibai (Archivo Carmen la Griega)
Carmen la Griega en un espectáculo de Kamishibai (Archivo Carmen la Griega)

¿Qué interés pedagógico tiene el Kamishibai?

  • El placer de compartir una experiencia con otros, en la que se compartan emociones como la risa o el miedo.
  • Despierta la imaginación y la fantasía entre los oyentes.
  • Fomenta el gusto por la lectura y la escritura.
  • Facilita que los niños asuman el papel no sólo de oyentes, sino también de intérpretes y creadores.
  • Como creadores, en el Taller de Kamishibai se les exige y fomenta el trabajo en grupo y la participación en actividades del centro y/o del entorno.
  • Ayuda a estructurar y organizar los textos narrativos.
  • Resulta muy adecuado en el tratamiento integrado de las distintas lenguas.


Creando historias para Kamishibai con niños y niñas entre 4 y 7 años (Plan Nacional de la Lectura, Gobierno de Chile).

 

¿Cómo construir un Kamishibai?

Dimensiones para la construcción del Butai (Fuente: Carmen Aldama Jiménez. Pamplona 2011. Blog del proyecto Kamishibai.
Dimensiones para la construcción del Butai (Fuente: Carmen Aldama Jiménez. Pamplona 2011. Blog del proyecto Kamishibai.

Secuencia para la creación del Kamishibai

  1. Analizar, interpretar y estudiar Kamishibais para conocer sus características y como motivación e información previa. Puedes encontrar representaciones de vídeo en este enlace.
  2. Escribir el texto (que revisable a lo largo del proceso). Deben quedar claro: los personajes con las características que influyan en el desarrollo del cuento, la trama fundamental de la narración, las situaciones espaciales y temporales en que se desarrolla, la idea principal a transmitir con el kamishibai,…
  3. Escribir un resumen del texto.
  4. Decidir el número de láminas en función del contenido del texto y de los sentimientos o las ideas principales que se quieren transmitir de cada una de ellas, así como de la presentación estética global del Kamishibai. Lo más corriente es que tenga entre 8 y 12 láminas (los editados en Japón tienen siempre número par de láminas).
  5. Elaborar el boceto. En primer lugar hay que dejar clara la idea principal que queremos transmitir y/o el sentimiento que queremos provocar con cada lámina. Posteriormente se realizarán de forma muy esquemática los dibujos que corresponderán a cada lámina, pero en los que sí debe quedar claro: el tipo de plano, el punto de vista y la situación de los distintos elementos de la ilustración.
  6. Caracterizar los personajes y objetos que se repiten a lo largo de la historia.
  7. Dibujar las láminas.
  8. Escribir el texto final detrás de las láminas correspondientes.


Trailer del vídeo «Secuencia para la elaboración de un Kamishibai» (Amigos del Kamishibai).

Te recomendamos que revises los consejos prácticos referentes a la creación de bocetos, caracterización, maquetación y creación de Kamishibai, ofrecidos por Carmen Aldama, Piluka Labayen y Carmen Varea.

Conoce diferentes experiencias y aplicaciones educativas del Kamishibai en el Aula:


Kamishimai en el Aula.

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